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#9 Developing Chinese Translation Studies - Spring 2010 - 筆譯研究方法專論

#9 Developing Chinese Translation Studies
劉人鵬。2000。《近代中國女權論述──國族、翻譯與性別政治》。台北
台灣學生書局。

4 意見:

charlotte wu 提到...

在此章中,劉人鵬討論所謂「女權主義」如何在「西方」與「本土」的夾縫中被移植入近代中國。此外,她也討論了馬君武在翻譯Spencer的女權說時,其翻譯策略所顯現對「西方女權主義」的想像。
首先,上周在Lydia Liu的文章中,我們已經討論過國族主義如何運用女權主義作為積弱國勢欲求自強的表徵。而在本周的文章中也討論到類似的現象。女權主義的引介,被視為一種「文明」的象徵。西方的女權興起,乃是基於西方的文明與進步,而非基於女性本身的自覺。同樣的,劉人鵬也提出西方女性主義同樣依附於殖民帝國主義的光輝之下,將東西方女性的差異視為一種「被拯救者與拯救者」的權力關係。我覺得這是一個非常有趣的現象。我認為,女性主義之所以成為西方以及國族論述的拉鋸戰場、或者,成為其二者「各自表述」的對象乃有其歷史脈絡之影響。因為,廣義的「女權主義」ㄧ詞,的確是在西方/歐洲社會中匯集成ㄧ種論述。而女權低落與清末積弱不振的國勢的確也有容易相合之處。然而,這樣的歷史脈絡並不能代表女權主義所包含之思想。換句話說,我認為,在我們回顧近代女權主義如何被挪用的同時,我們必須分清楚「女權主義」產生的脈絡並不等同於其思想結構的價值判斷。
我覺得這和所謂原文、譯文的關係也很相似。就符號的觀點而言,在翻譯的過程中,不可否認的,必然有某些特定的「文本」會引發翻譯的產生。這種生成的過程,在我看來,只是符號間的semiosis (意義生成過程),是一種時序上的排列,但沒有價值優劣的分別。真正使原文和譯文產生位階尊卑等差別的原因,乃在於equivalence 或fidelity等社會概念。就符號的觀點而言,我覺得應該被挑戰的不是原文和譯文兩者的生成關係,而是fidelity等概念。
回到女權主義的翻譯這個議題,我覺得除了指出國族以及西方文明等論述的挪用之外,也許也應該重新思考幾個問題:
ㄧ、所謂「女權主義」可開創的可能性何在? 能為女性(以及男性)帶來何種與現存權力結構下不同的改變?
二、為甚麼當女性主義與其他弱勢社群結合(e.g. 同性戀社群、老人社群)時,比較容易被視為一種「正義」,但當女性主義與弱勢文明、積弱國力結合時,則容易被視為一種「挪用」?
三、有沒有可能,不再將女性主義的譯介單單看為ㄧ種「侵略/反抗」的對立過程,而是一種動態的文化對話?
以上是我對這篇文章的ㄧ些想法。也很想聽聽班上男同學的看法。

Unknown 提到...

劉人鵬在《近代中國女權論述──國族、翻譯與性別政治》一書中,探討了「女權主義」是如何在「西方」與「中國」這兩個地區之間成形的。實際上,劉人鵬要強調的是,「女權主義」論述的歷史過程,尤其是在非西方國家中,必然於「殖民者 - 被殖民者」、「先進者 - 落後者」、「生產者 - 再生產者」等不對稱的範疇下不斷地游移,尋找認同。劉人鵬也提到了,探究不同國家所創造對「女權主義」的論述,譬如歷史建構、歷史書寫、性別/政治多方面的敘事等等,都可以顯現出來上述所列出來的不對稱範疇,以及該範疇方面的權力交戰及不均衡之狀態。
其次,劉人鵬在此書的第二章中,以馬君武翻譯的Spencer女權說來舉例說明「女權主義」如何透過上述紛雜交錯流動的範疇,來移殖到二十世紀之交的中國。對我來講,該章最有趣的部份是在於劉人鵬談所謂「『中國的』女性主義」時,提到學者要看見的是「一種具有歷史性的中國女人,認識到她身上或作品中已經具有的歷史性的主體形塑以及過程中的張力,其間種種的複雜矛盾性。」這句話剛好也適合用來談翻譯以及翻譯評估,把「原文」或「譯文」替代這句話裡頭的「她」或「女人」本句就會具有著深刻意義了。

Elaine 提到...

這個星期我們讀的是劉人鵬《近代中國女權論述─國族、翻譯與性別政治》的第二章,一開始作者提到五四時期的翻譯活動,著重於當時文人急欲想挽救中國的積弱國勢,積極向西方學習的心態。但作者似乎覺察到,當大量引進西學的過程中,「我們」的概念不斷轉化,與「西洋─中國」的關係時近時遠,並受到想追趕西方的慾望驅使,¬成為劃分自我與他者的工具。這個觀點也是我以前從沒有想到過的。接下來作者提及中國女權的發展,其實是相當受到當時文人想望歐美文明的影響,因此她認為出現了「橘逾淮而為枳」或是「由移根到生根」的焦慮及問題,受到「西方」的影響和制約,中國女性一方面不能一味的仿效西方,另一方面又想甩開傳統的包袱,又加上國族主義的二元論未變,這導致「中國」女權常常受到依附在父權主義的體系下面。作者認為,要跳脫這樣的框架,我們必須將中國「女性」或「女權」放在特定的脈絡下檢視,討論其歷史性,可能開放的多重空間,以及與其他體系的多重權力關係,而女權著作的翻譯文本,正好能夠拿來討論國族、性別、語言、文化等不對稱權利關係互相交流及影響。Niranjana的後殖民觀點,有些補足了另一個閱讀「翻譯」的角度。作者最後舉馬君武翻譯〈斯賓塞女權篇〉為例,討論在帝國主義及國族主義的反抗或認同下,女權是何以受到詮釋,其中又帶有何種意識形態及權力關係。

Craig 提到...

Overall, Liu Renpeng outlines many of the concerns of third wave feminism, specifically how the feminist movement, designed for and by white women (and men in her examples) in England and United States, didn't take into account local conditions when transplanted to non-west scenarios. She touches on feminism's judgmental gaze at non-western cultures which took shape under the larger transnational narrative of Orientalism, and in fact when we read Spenser's The Rights of Women, we discover that he indicted Islam for its “primitive” treatment of women. Liu writes at length about the quandary Chinese women found themselves in when faced with nationalism and/or feminism, and suggests women were sacrificed in the name of nation building. Her analysis gets very abstract and seems to dwell in binary thinking and false dilemmas, and so I wonder how women actually felt about their position, specifically regarding available options and their relationship to notions of free will. As we know, several late Qing periodicals routinely published feminist articles written by both men and women, and Chinese women traveled abroad for education, and others became successful authors in the later Republican era which was, by all accounts, still a man's world. Our attention is becoming increasing more focused on the fact of a historicity of the women’s movement in China, as scholars and authors such as Lydia Liu, Rey Chow, Eileen Chang, Qian, Nanxiu, Grace Fong, Chloë Starr and now Liu Renpeng, among others, reconstruct it through their fine academic work, weaving a complex trajectory through transnational space and time.

I find it interesting how the west has been viewed from abroad at different points in history, as representations often arise that are different from what I have encountered back home. Considering Herbert Spenser's interest in China and Japan, I guess it is no surprise that his works were chosen to support China's burgeoning feminist movement, but I think there might have been some better choices. In more recent western academic circles, Spenser is often relegated to the pantheon of “dead white males,” no so much for his notions of equal rights, but for his association with social Darwinism, and later figures (Hitler among them) who used his writings to support eugenics and other forms of social engineering. There seems to be some debate as to Spencer's intentions, but again, I wonder if the writings or biographical information of Mary Wollstonecraft, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Stanton, Emmeline Pankhurst, or other women of the feminist movement were translated into Chinese. Liu Renpeng makes a wonderful point when she compares 19th century Chinese notions of western feminism to a “glass flower”; it seems to be human nature to project our hopes and dreams, and sometimes fears, onto the “other,” and the less we really know, the more we tend to fill in with what we want others to be.

Liu's work is a critical document in the history of translation. Detailing the migration of ideologies through translation reminds of translation's important role, as well as points out the erasing effect of hegemony, the political position of the translator and the stark difference between the past and our globalized world of today.

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