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#11 Nov 25 - Translation and Globalization

#11 Johan Heilbron, “Towards A Sociology of Translation: Book Translations as A Cultural World System” in Critical Readings in Translation Studies, ed. Mona Baker, London: Routledge, 2010.
李根芳,2010。〈台灣兩性關係暢銷書的翻譯與性別再現〉《廣譯》No. 3 (Jan): 21-42。

5 意見:

Ron 提到...

Heilbron根據書籍翻譯數量將語言區分為核心與邊緣語言。翻譯自英文的書籍佔全球40%,是一種超級核心語言。這並不令人意外,因為英文是國際語言加上英美長期以來的政經文化優勢。Heilbron並且指出,兩種邊緣語言之間的翻譯通常會透過核心語言介譯,這也似乎合乎直覺。這種概略、宏觀的分類自然會有不少例外,作者也提到這是一種動態系統,情勢可能演變。雖然這種系統的分類是以語言為單位,我覺得從國家的角度來觀察也應該會有引人之處,比如說同樣是英語書籍,可能印度作家就沒有那麼受歡迎。另外可惜的是作者沒提到亞洲語言,或許是因為亞洲語言在這個系統裡都是非常邊緣,我的疑問是日文為什麼是非常邊緣的語文:日本出版的書籍甚多,到了80年代已經是世界第二大經濟體,軟實力似乎也不錯。還有中國的崛起會不會改變中文在此系統中的位置,至少在亞洲地緣範圍之內會不會有影響。

Unknown 提到...

This week’s reading — and, perhaps, even more so my present battle with a Taiwanese publisher over what constitutes an ‘appropriate’ translation — has led me to wonder in what way markets, publishers, and cultural differences, have functioned to influence our own individual expectations as they relate to translation. According to Heilbron, there exists a ‘varying role of translations within different language groups’. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the ‘international flows of translated books’ should offer some insight into this varying role of translation as it exists within different language groups (307). Heilbron categorizes different language groups as occupying either central or periphery positions within the ‘world-system of translation’. Position within the world-system, then, influences and determines certain characteristics of translation as it exists within a given language-culture group. The logical conclusion, then, seems to be that readers from different language-culture groups will — with respect to both source-target and target-source translation — necessarily have group-specific expectations. Furthermore, these expectations will, more than likely, vary widely across language-culture groups — in particular, between central and periphery groups. This variation, perhaps, is the source of much of the ‘headache’ that exists as a constant fixture in the professional life of a ‘displaced translator’. The term ‘displaced translator’, here, refers to a translator who is commissioned by a member of a language-culture group that is not the translator’s own. The commission, in most cases, will be to create a translation to be published in the translator’s native language-culture group. The obvious difficulty here is that the individual commissioning the work and the individual producing the work come from different language-culture groups. The two will, more than likely, come to the translated text with quite different expectations about what a translation should look like. At present, unfortunately, I am faced with the task of trying to resolve such differences. This is one headache that aspirin cannot treat!

Unknown 提到...

Heilbron 接續 Toury (1978) 和 Even-Zohar (1990) 提出的多元系統論,而在 Hermans 提出《系統中的翻譯》(1999) 同年寫作這篇〈翻譯的社會學〉。先前的多元系統論承續過去對翻譯的討論,主要仍以文學翻譯為對象,而到了 Hermans 和 Heilbron,則分別以不同的方式擴大討論範圍,前者已經意會到 Even-Zohar 理論的應用不僅在於文學 (Hermans 1999: 108),而將翻譯活動放入具體文化背景,而後者則是「將書籍翻譯視為國際間的系統」,要「架構式分析翻譯書籍在國際間的流動」(431)。然而,Heilbron 以「語言群」(language group) 做為討論翻譯世界系統的單位,在現在看來似乎已稍嫌粗糙,而未能考量到同一種語言在不同地區的不同面向。例如即使同樣是由英文譯入中文,在中國的情形與在台灣的情況就大有不同。如此一來,雖然文中提到的各種面向 (階層架構 [433-4]、語言與政治的交互影響 [434-5]、中心與變化 [435-8]、壟斷結構 [438-9]、文化移入 [439-40]) 都能引人思考,但都必須再將整個所謂的系統處理得更精細,帶入實際的文化背景,才能確保不會流於表面。
例如李根芳在〈台灣兩性關係暢銷書的翻譯與性別再現〉中,所處理的書籍翻譯問題便不可能只以語言做要素,而需要帶入歷史、消費概念等等,才更能理清來龍去脈,雖然作者是希望看到「翻譯類作品…對台灣社會與文化的影響」(23),但其實整個作用反之亦然,隨著社會文化改變,也才會出現、或有條件得以出現某些翻譯作品。

eveline 提到...

Johan Heilbron以語言是否居於中心地位來解釋翻譯的再翻譯現象,這部分我頗有同感。以德語文學在台灣的翻譯情況為例,如果沒有英文譯本在英語市場大賣作為市場的票房保證,儘管該位作家曾經得過諾貝爾文學獎,台灣也很難得會願意投入大量的財力投資與包裝某一位作家。不過,以中心地位(centrality)來解釋一切似乎又太過以偏概全。我個人認為,國家的文化政策、以及國家對自己的語言、對其他語言的吸收政策、人才的培育等等其實也扮演了很重要的角色。比如說德國戰後的翻譯當然是受到美軍占領政策的主導,而中國的各國外語翻譯比例是否真的與文中所提的比例吻合也有待商榷。此外,如果同樣是說英語的國家,如英國、美國、澳洲等,其外語書譯入本國語或英語作品被譯為外國語的比例應該也會有很大的不同吧?作者在"The Levels of cultural importation"等章節中所做的比較都已經只是USA-centered而不是English-centered的現象,所得的推論好像也顯得太過倉促。

關於兩性關係暢銷書,我有兩點想提出來討論。
一是以文中三個階段的暢銷書主題來看女性角色的發展,我覺得第一階段反而比較有討論到「女性」這個角色。第二及第三階段的書則呈現出較多「兩性關係」的主題。而兩性關係反而在某些時候也可以被解讀為「如何讓男人更喜歡你」這一類反而矮化了女性獨立角色的功能。而女性做為一個獨立的角色,如何自處於變遷中的環境這類的主題,會不會反而式微了?
其二是暢銷書與所謂的輕文學,這界線我越想越模糊。尤其是例如吳淡如、吳若權、施寄青的書。反之,每每在閱讀外國當代文學經典作品的時候,我就會常常想,那麼,我們當代的文學家又是誰呢…

Craig 提到...

Relying on a foundation of world systems theory, Heilbron lays some ground work for the growing area of the sociology of translation. He discusses, criticizes and cites statistics to draw some interesting conclusions about overall levels of concern with foreign cultures. He starts by setting definitions, but then veers from his stated purpose of analyzing translation as a world system of language groups. The thrust of his paper seem to remain with the international representation of his own nation's literature.

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